In almost all developed countries there has been substantial growth in university education over the last half-century. This growth has raised concerns that the benefits of university education are declining and that university education is not appropriate for students who, without the...

Context: The article contributes to a discussion of how patterns of employment and qualifications are modified by the ongoing industrial transformation, called Industry 4.0. Although this transformation is said to be a global phenomenon, scholars increasingly discuss the national differences in...

Traditional apprenticeships offer a "second chance" opportunity for youth to acquire skills that will benefit them in the labor market. Informal training through an apprenticeship involves transmission of sector specific knowledge from a master craftsman to an apprentice. The paper takes...