In this paper we outline the economic rationale behind the virtual strike, and workers’ incentives to use this … bargaining solution rather than resorting to standard strike action. We show that, from a welfare perspective, a virtual strike … always dominates a standard strike and it would be most needed precisely when workers have weaker incentives to adopt it. We …

information on each state's legal environment and unique strike-level data on over 12,000 labor disputes between 1881 and 1894. We … find that the law affected strike costs and strike outcomes, though not always in the anticipated directions. For example …, laws outlawing blacklisting were associated with the increased use of strike breakers, while the legalization of unions …