<title>Abstract</title> Development emanating from international trade and investment in many least‐developed economies is impeded by inland freight transport systems that restrict multimodal transport. Increasing international trade may raise gross domestic product, generating increased demand for internal...

Since paper freight-hedging tools were introduced to counter volatile tanker freight rates, the hesitant uptake of tanker Forward Freight Agreements (FFAs) has been attributed to traditional risk seeking propensities amongst tanker owners, naturally reluctant to hedge against risk. To test how...