environmental costs associated with them. Critics have argued that economic growth, trade liberalization, and increased primary …

Debt is Irrelevant - David Barrows -- II. Trade -- 4. The Ambiguous Effects of Pursuing Current Account Surpluses - Nina …, trade, taxes, exchange rates and monetary policy. For each topic, there are two authors — one arguing for a certain policy …

environmental costs associated with them. Critics have argued that economic growth, trade liberalization, and increased primary …

of trade to estimate a panel cointegrating relationship between real exchange rates and a set of fundamentals for a …-based real exchange rate and commodity terms of trade. The estimated impact of productivity growth differentials between traded …

, the external terms of trade, and productivity in the manufacturing sector. A once-and-for-all unit increase in the ratio …

The effect of exchange rate volatility on trade flows was examined by a 1984 IMF study on G-7 countries. Over the past … exchange hedging instruments, may have reduced the impact of volatility on trade flows. Using recent advances in the economic … theories on trade and in statistical methodologies, this paper revisits this important issue by taking into account these new …

Latin AmericaÂ’s trade relationships have been severely strained by the series of uncoordinated currency depreciations … depreciations, whether forced by capital markets or unilaterally effected for competitive trade reasons, are equivalent to steep … increases in tariffs facing trading partners; they damage trade relationships and distort trade-oriented economic growth. The …

and intranational data to evaluate the linkages between trade in goods, trade in financial assets, specialization and … important, as both trade and financial openness have a direct and an indirect effect on cycle synchronization. (ii) A variety of … reflection of intra-industry trade, and of openness to goods and assets trade. (iv) The estimated role of trade is in line with …