For almost fifty years, a system of bilateral aviation agreements has governed international trade in civil aviation services. The theme of these agreements was bilateral balance in the air traffic carried by the respective national airlines. The emergence of new airlines (in addition to the old...

The global economic and financial crisis has awakened protectionist sentiments around the world, and policymakers have failed to actively seek trade liberalization. In light of this, some have proposed abandoning the Doha Round and starting over with a new agenda. Figuring Out the Doha Round...

Economic sanctions continue to play an important role in the response to terrorism, nuclear proliferation, military conflicts, and other foreign policy crises. But poor design and implementation of sanctions policies often mean that they fall short of their desired effects. This landmark study,...

The United States and Pakistan established diplomatic relations in 1947, shortly after Pakistan gained its independence. Since then, relations have alternated between episodes of close partnership and sharp friction--reflecting the ups and downs of global and regional geopolitics. The tides of...

This book has been the most widely cited analysis of the issues underlying the NAFTA negotiations. Many of its recommendations helped shape the negotiations. For those seeking in-depth analysis of the key issues involved in the negotiations, this book is an ideal companion to the authors' NAFTA:...

Since 1992, new issues have arisen in international taxation--for example, taxation of electronic commerce, novel means of shielding passive income, the World Trade Organization (WTO) debate over the foreign sales corporation and subsequent passage of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, the...

NAFTA entered into force in 1994 after a bitter Congressional debate. But NAFTA in operation has proved no less controversial than NAFTA before ratification, for both supporters and opponents of trade liberalization have cited experience with the agreement to justify their positions. To provide...

This comprehensive study finds that tariffs and quantitative import restrictions in place in 1990 cost American consumers about $70 billion, more than 1 percent of GDP. The net national welfare loss, after deducting tariff revenues and transfers to domestic producers, was $11 billion, of which...

Air and water pollution blighted northern Mexican cities long before the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was a glimmer on the political horizon. Not surprisingly, when NAFTA became a political reality, environmentalists argued that commercial competition would weaken environmental...

This landmark study was thoroughly updated in 1990 and was repeatedly cited in the congressional debate on the use of force against Iraq. It chronicles and evaluates 116 uses of economic sanctions since 1914. Each case study contains a concise chronology; the sanctioning country's objectives and...