The paper analyses the causality between the Japanese-US relative export prices and the yen-dollar exchange rate. It … explains why the Japanese yen proved strong even during the economic slump of the 1990s. The paper suggests that the … appreciation of the Japanese yen forced the Japanese enterprises into price reductions and productivity increases, which put a …

The paper analyses the causality between the Japanese-US relative export prices and the yen-dollar exchange rate. It … explains why the Japanese yen proved strong even during the economic slump of the 1990s. The paper suggests that the … appreciation of the Japanese yen forced the Japanese enterprises into price reductions and productivity increases, which put a …

the late 1970s to mid-1990s to appreciate the yen, or "China bashing" since 2002 to appreciate the renminbi. Japan … succumbed to this bashing, and the yen appreciated too much in 1985, with the result that Japan fell into a zero … of Japan (BOJ), the yen depreciated about 25% against the dollar, stoking fears of a return to Japan bashing by the US …