When is having no previous contract better than having one, if ever? When should a manufacturer/retailer take over part (or all) of the other party's operation, instead of considering just a contract? How about the opposite situation? This paper responds these questions in the context of a...

Many manufacturers (e.g., Midea and Haier) have begun investing in green products to reduce carbon emissions and sell through online retailers (e.g., JD). In practice, retailers often obtain more information about market demand than manufacturers, and some of them choose to share the information...