distribution, as well as changes in these wage gaps between 2002 and 2009. This more nuanced approach provides important new …

depending on the degree of concentration and the nature of the international competition. In initially competitive industries …, increased import competition is associated with higher gender wage gaps and lower female employment. Increased export intensity … increased international import competition in initially concentrated industries is associated with falling gender wage gaps and …

. Neoclassical theory implies that costly discrimination against female workers should diminish over time with increased competition … (Becker 1971). We incorporate this idea into a theoretical model of competition and industry concentration in which the net … trade competition. Results indicate that increasing openness to trade is associated with a widening in the wage gap in India …