New associations have been established in biotechnology within the last 10–15 years in a process influenced by industry, academic institutions and government agencies. Different models and strategies have been applied across Europe, and the part played by industry, academia and government...

Self‐regulation by business is increasingly common internationally, but the effective implementation of international rules often continues to be seen as something that only states can carry out. We argue that more exclusively private forms of effective implementation can be constructed in...