The banking literature contains only a handful of studies of how bank revenues vary over the business cycle, and nearly all of these studies look exclusively on the net interest margin. The general conclusion has been that the margin tends to increase during recessions and decrease during booms....

Often we think “due process” as a procedural requirement that a government must comply with before it imposes restraints or sanctions on an individual. In USA jurisprudence, in particular, due process also takes a substantive form. A limitation on liberty by government must also comply with...

The EU plans to revise the capital adequacy rules for banks in 2025. Regulatory amendments will be introduced in Norway through the EEA Agreement. Our results show that the regulatory amendments can significantly reduce the capital requirement for small and medium-sized banks (SA banks). This...

The rule of law as a governing norm has expanded from state to regional and international level. Within the EU, the Court of Justice (ECJ) is one of the institutions developing an EU rule of law, which in particular is informed by the EU treaties, secondary legislation, and national...

When Russia in 2012 joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), it also moved its bilateral power-oriented trade relationship with the European Union (EU) into a more rule of law-based framework. This paper addresses the WTO dispute settlement system’s role in settling disputes relevant to the...

The EU plans to revise the capital adequacy rules for banks in 2025. Regulatory amendments will be introduced in Norway through the EEA Agreement. Our results show that the regulatory amendments can significantly reduce the capital requirement for small and medium-sized banks (SA banks). This...

We use unique relationship-level data which includes banks’ private risk assessments of corporate borrowers to quantify how competition among banks a ects the risk sensitivity of interest rates in the Norwegian corporate credit market. We show that an increase in competition makes corporate...