Studies of the relationship between sexual orientation and pay have faced difficulties applying standard models of … discrimination if orientation is not observable. Analogously, behavioural explanations of pay based on models of gender linked within …-household specialization may not be as relevant in a nonheterosexual context. This article analyses pay gaps using information including …

Studies of the relationship between sexual orientation and pay have faced difficulties applying standard models of … discrimination if orientation is not observable. Analogously, behavioural explanations of pay based on models of gender linked within …-household specialization may not be as relevant in a nonheterosexual context. This article analyses pay gaps using information including …

perfect product market competition. Low wage labor is no longer cheap labor and market forces cannot eliminate pay inequality … market discrimination cannot explain the persistence of pay differentials between identifiable groups of individuals since … such pay inequality would be eliminated by competitive market forces. …

aggregated, however, the pay, job placement, and hiring discrimination estimates yield an overall discrimination estimate of a 6 …% gap in pay between men and women. These results suggest that a more comprehensive approach may be warranted in flagging …

the importance of changes in labor market institutions in explaining the gender wage gap trends. …