versus learning by exporting. According to the selection into exporting hypothesis, more productive firms self-select into … exporting due to high entry costs. The learning by exporting hypothesis, on the other hand, emphasizes that firms learn after … entering into the export market. We find evidence in support of both self-selection and learning by exporting. …

We develop a model of firm learning in volatile markets with noisy signals and test its predictions using historical … improvements from learning are faster where market signals are noisier. …