Managerial flexibility has value in the context of uncertain R...D projects, as management can repeatedly gather information about uncertain project and market characteristics and, based on this information, change its course of action. This value is now well accepted and referred to as "real...

For the last 40 years, academics advocated the use of the traditional Discounted CashFlow (DCF) techniques but these suggestions were ignored by practitioners for a longtime. The Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Present ValuePayback Period (PVPP) are now some of the...

Traditional discounted cash-flows method for assessing projects assumes that investment decision is an irreversible one, which is not correct. Managers can and must reconsider their initial decision as the new information arises during the project life. This is managerial flexibility and it...

The real options capture the importance of the managerial team’s role in creating value through investment projects. The investments in real assets have a set of options that managers can exercise during the period of the project to increase the value of the assets or to limit the eventual...