An encyclopedia article on games with incomplete information. Table of contents: 1. Definition of the subject and its importance. 2. Introduction: Modeling incomplete information. 3. Harsanyi’s model: The notion of type. 4. Aumann’s model. 5. Harsanyi’s model and the hierarchies of...

Casual observation suggests that athletics records tend to cluster over time. After prolonged periods without new records, a record breaking performance spurs other athletes to increase effort and thereby repeatedly set new standards. Subsequently, record breaking subsides and the pattern...

It has been argued that in the presence of an ’Atmosphere Externality’ and competitive behavior by households, a uniform commodity tax on the externality - generating good attains the first best. It is demonstrated, however, that if income redistribution is desirable then personalized taxes...

An effectivity function assigns to each coalition of individuals in a society a family of subsets of alternatives such that the coalition can force the outcome of society’s choice to be a member of each of the subsets separately. A representation of an effectivity function is a game form with...

In the interest of improving their decision-making, individuals revise their opinions on the basis of samples of opinions obtained from others. However, such a revision process may lead decision-makers to experience greater confidence in their less accurate judgments. We theorize that people...

Intergroup conflicts are characterized by conflicts of interests within the competing groups as well. The intragroup conflict stems from a basic fact: while all group members are better off if they all cooperate in competing against the outgroup, each individual group member is better off...

A class of integer-valued allocation games -- "General Lotto games" -- is introduced and solved. The results are then applied to analyze the classical discrete "Colonel Blotto games"; in particular, optimal strategies are obtained for all symmetric Colonel Blotto games.

Question: Which ecological factors favor the transition from plants with hermaphrodite flowers to monoecious plants with separate male and female flowers on the same individual? Mathematical methods: ESS computation in sex allocation models Key assumptions: Within a flower, costs of attraction,...

Polygraph test results are by and large ruled inadmissible evidence in criminal courts in the US, Canada and Israel. This is well-conceived with regard to the dominant technique of polygraph interrogation, known as the Control Question Technique (CQT), because it indeed does not meet the...