Government pressures are thought to influence multinational companies' strategies. This study analyzes central government pressures regarding MNCs in China since 1990, particularly the pressures concerning operational modes utilized by foreign companies investing in China. The methodology...

Recently, there has been a tremendous boom in foreign direct investments in the People's Republic of China, most of which has been in Sino-foreign joint ventures. But despite many success stories, most expatriate foreign managers experience frustration. Ingmar Björkman and Annette Schaap...

This study investigated the changes taking place in HRM practices found in European-owned units in China between 1996 and 2006 in conjunction with the transformation of the context in which they are operating. Our study presents clear evidence for the convergence of HRM found in local Chinese...

The present paper reports the results of a survey of the use of the subsidiary board of directors (SBs) in French and Norwegian manufacturing units owned by Swedish and Finnish MNCs. In addition to presenting data on the composition of the SBs, and the importance of different roles that SBs may...

This article discusses the role played by social relationships when penetrating a foreign business network. In the business network literature social bonds have been identified as a dimension of buyer-seller relationships, but few studies have actually focused on this issue. The present study...

Given the importance of local (external) network embeddedness for an MNC subsidiary's ability to create new knowledge, a crucial question is what factors affect this local embeddedness. Despite its obvious relevance, few efforts have been made in the MNC literature to deal with this issue. In...

The recent development of a cognitive, interpretive approach to organizational analysis has helped to increase our understanding of organizational action. This paper discusses the relationship between organizational beliefs and organizational change. Based upon a review of empirical studies of...