In this paper incumbency effects in Federal Elections and Mayoral Elections in Germany are estimated using a quasi … parties in Germany cause an increase in vote share of 1.4%-1.7% in Federal Elections. Analyzing Mayoral Elections, the causal …

-interested politicians to advance unpopular reforms. As political decision-makers have primarily the aim of re-election in mind … will be illustrated by the case of Germany where problems of policy advice have become apparent in recent years …

to their mandate. Critics claim that politicians already face binding time constraints and that moonlighting might lead … to a neglect of inner-parliamentary duties. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate whether politicians …

does not yet reflect this in Germany. In the German Bundestag, for example, at present 37.1 percent of representatives are … respectively). Of the 263 ministerial posts available since Germany was founded, women have only held 43. Although Germany has a … in Germany-could be a highly viable way of achieving parity. They would be more effective if consistently implemented by …

measure connections between politicians and the universe of firms. To identify the causal effect of access to political power …

The wage paid to politicians affects both the choice of citizens to run for an elective office and the performance of … sector, an increase in politicians' pay may change their mind. Second, if the reelection prospects of incumbents depend on … performance. Our results show that a higher wage attracts more educated candidates, and that better paid politicians size down the …

A growing theoretical literature on the effect of politicians' salaries on the average level of skills of political … candidates yields ambiguous predictions. In this paper, we estimate the effect of pay for politicians on the level of education … politicians ; candidate selection ; gender differences in politics …

We analyze the effect of the introduction of gender quotas in candidate lists on the quality of elected politicians. We … a Difference in Differences estimation to analyze the effect of gender quotas on the quality of elected politicians. We … find that gender quotas are associated with a higher average number of years of schooling of elected politicians, with the …