on the Atlantic coast and Buenaventura on the Pacific coast. These four ports were concessioned in 1993 to regional port … "societies" established under company law. These societies are responsible for contracting with port operators for the use of … practices and have allowed stevedoring services to compete freely at each port. The liberalization of labor practices along with …

for assessing the competitiveness of port cities. The research provides insight about the Chinese cruise port cities …