The vast majority of the efficiency and productivity measurement literature has been based on the static viewpoint of … the firm. Few studies have developed the dynamic analog of static efficiency measurement, introducing the notions of long …-run efficiency and inefficiency persistence. However, these few existing dynamic efficiency studies have not provided any empirical …

(northern Germany, the Netherlands, Poland) separately and for all regions together. The decomposition results were then … function framework was carried out, looking at the following components: technical change, change in technical efficiency …