The choices facing a management developer in using open and distance learning are described. The three identifiable types of programme are materials based for solo learners, learning‐group based for two or more learners, and materials and learning‐group based, depending on both materials and...

Four main types of learning pattern are identified: solo problem solving, collaboration, modelling and other participant observation, and the skills involved in coping with each are suggested. The issues of distress and joy in learning, and how distress can be reduced and joy enhanced, are...