The openness and security of a country's borders is a matter of concern for countries worldwide. Since its reform and opening up in 1978, China has implemented reforming and opening policies in border regions, as represented by the “Xingbian Fumin Xingdong” (Revitalize Border Areas and...

This paper investigates the impacts of robot stocks on labor productivity and that of employment rate on labor markets in the three largest economies from 2006 to 2019. The verification results show that the robot stocks have significant influence on the labor productivity among all of the three...