This article investigates out-of-sample performance of the naïve hedging strategy relative to that of the minimum variance hedging strategy, in which the covariance parameters are estimated from eighteen econometric models. Hedging performance is compared across twenty-four futures markets. Our...

Several common properties shared by cryptocurrencies and precious metals, such as safe haven, hedge and diversification for risk assets, have been wildly discussed since the day Bitcoin was created in 2008. However, no studies have explored whether cryptocurrency market uncertainties can help to...

The inherent financial interconnections between crude oil prices, carbon emission allowances, and agriculture commodity futures warrant a thorough investigation as fossil energy consumption, carbon emissions, and agriculture plants are three critical components of global environmental...