A monopolist in public transport may oversupply frequency relative to the social optimum, as van Reeven (2008) demonstrates with homogeneous consumers. This result generalizes for heterogeneous consumers who know the timetable. Whether a monopolist oversupplies or undersupplies frequency depends...

This paper develops a model for multi-store competition between firms. Using the fact that different firms have different outlets and produce horizontally differentiated goods, we obtain a pure strategy equilibrium where firms choose a different location for each outlet and firms' locations are...

Population demography, income, and the price of car usage are probably the most important factors that determine car usage. Using a panel of European countries, this paper shows that national income and demography are strong drivers. Saturating car ownership and an ageing population hardly...

In a horizontal product differentiation model, it is shown that a stable service pattern in scheduled transport competition only exists if consumers are sufficiently sensitive to the quality of non-scheduling service characteristics. Since this sensitivity is related to travel distance, the...

Mohring (1972) argues that urban public transport exhibits considerable economies of scale if users' waiting time is included in the cost function. The implication is that without subsidisation, frequencies will be lower than socially optimal. This paper analyses this argument and shows that...

Scheduled transport operators' pricing, departure timing and frequency decisions are analysed in a horizontal product differentiation model with two dimensions. The first dimension concerns the availability of a departure at the preferred time of consumers. The second dimension concerns...

The Landlord Port model is the dominant port model in larger and medium-sized ports. The potential advantage of this organisational system is that the vertical separation of port authority and service provision allows for competition between different service suppliers in a port. This paper...