This comment makes a response to one of several points made in Bill Gerrrard's (2023) criticisms of Bateman (2021) in particular, this comment clarifies Keynes's use of mathematical expectation in The General Theory (1936).

This paper focuses upon the sustainability of the economy in relation to nature and natural ecosystems. There are two main aspects to this relationship: consumption of natural resources; and generation of pollution and wastes because of economic practices of production, exchange and consumption....

The concept of restructuring rose to prominence in economic geography in the 1980s and refers to radical qualitative rather than simply incremental, quantitative change and innovation in product, process, and organizational forms in economies and economic geographies. It can also refer to...

The aim of this paper is to explore a theoretical framework that can assist in understanding the extent to which the increased integration of macro-regional economies (such as the European and North American) and the global economy is leading to divergence and/or convergence in the pattern of...