alleviate the hold-up problem. We argue further that barter creates a hostage which allows to deal with disorganization when …, inter-firms arrears and barter in transition economies are connected. Based on a survey of 165 barter deals in the Ukraine … shortage the financial shortage and barter have each an important effect on output growth. …

. We scrutinize how this shapes interaction in treatments mimicking societies (autarky, barter, and market societies) that …

In this paper we survey the common explanations of barter in transition economies and expose them to detailed survey … data on 165 barter deals in Ukraine in 1997. The evidence does not support the notion that soft budget constraints, lack of … restructuring, or that the virtual economy are the driving forces behind barter. Further, tax avoidance is only weakly associated …