-related benefits that would have accrued if these vaccination requirements had been implemented as intended. Compared with the … vaccination rates observed in January 2022, we find that the mandates could have led to 15 million additional vaccinated … policymakers. In scenarios involving the emergence of a novel, more transmissible variant, against which vaccination and previous …

-related benefits that would have accrued if these vaccination requirements had been implemented as intended. Compared with the … vaccination rates observed in January 2022, we find that the mandates could have led to 15 million additional vaccinated … policymakers. In scenarios involving the emergence of a novel, more transmissible variant, against which vaccination and previous …

-up; estimating indirect effects also poses difficulty as it requires exogenous variation in peer vaccination status. We overcome …-in-differences designs leads to large estimates of direct effects: vaccination reduces COVID-19 incidence by 80 percent. But our estimates of … indirect effects are small and statistically insignificant: despite a 20 percentage point increase in vaccination rates across …