lead firms to hire minority or female employees who are less qualified than workers who might otherwise be hired. Our … weaker job performance among most groups of minority and female Affirmative Action hires …

-efficiency trade-off: testing improves selection but reduces minority hiring. We evaluate this trade-off using data from a national … research, minorities performed significantly worse on the test. Yet, testing had no measurable impact on minority hiring, and … selection of both minority and non-minority applicants, but did not alter the racial composition of hiring …

consider these themes and the benefits of minorities in policing as well as recruitment challenges and legal hiring …

, and retention of minority employees. Potential solutions include randomizing task assignments and creating inclusive …