Policies adopted by Annex B Parties to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are likely to increase costs for industries vulnerable to international competition in domestic or export markets. Domestic emissions trading, by enabling the aggregate emissions target to be met at least cost,...

Within a few decades, tens of billions, and possibly over a hundred billion, dollars will be needed for climate change adaptation in developing countries. In recent international climate negotiations, US$100 billion per year by 2020 was pledged by developed countries for mitigation and...

To reduce the costs of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with the Kyoto protocol, international trades of emissions quotas are allowed. The revenue from the sale of quotas may exceed the sanctions for non-compliance if these penalties are weak or poorly enforced. Under these...

A number of greenhouse gas emissions trading schemes have been implemented or proposed for Canada, the USA and Mexico. Links between those schemes make sense, given the close economic ties between the countries. All of the existing and proposed schemes, except Alberta's, include provisions for...

This paper examines implementation of the Kyoto Protocol without Russia. It concludes that implementation without Russia is possible, although it requires political will on the part of the countries that wish to proceed with the Protocol. It would lead to higher compliance costs for Annex B...

International aviation and shipping emissions are large and growing rapidly. They may be regulated by domestic emissions trading schemes or by trading schemes established by the relevant international organizations. Under a domestic trading scheme, the international aviation/shipping sector...

The Kyoto Protocol allows a group of Annex B countries to fulfill their emissions limitation commitments jointly by forming a "bubble" equal to their collective commitment. Annex B countries, whether members of a bubble or not, can use the Kyoto mechanisms to help meet their emissions limitation...

Linking emissions trading schemes has attracted interest as a means of reducing costs and expanding market size and liquidity. A number of studies have explored the compatibility of schemes, although little attention has been devoted to the implementation of links. Most trading schemes provide...