-whether financial intermediation is performed through banks or markets-for macroeconomic volatility, against the backdrop of increased … volatility. Expanding the sample to 121 developing countries confirms this result, although this role of shock-absorber fades …

In this paper, the main purpose is to analyze the relationship between terms of trade and its volatility on economic … GDP per capita and terms of trade and its volatility in ASEAN. Indonesian results of the level and volatility of net … terms of trade on growth. Philippines' both terms of trade and its volatility leads to an obstacle and a stimulation to real …

This paper presents estimates of the effects that terms of trade volatility has on real gross domestic product (GDP … that terms of trade volatility has significant negative effects on economic growth in countries with procyclical government … spending. In countries where government spending is countercyclical, terms of trade volatility has no significant effect on …

underappreciated banking operations. This research analyses the impact of LC on economic volatility and the mechanisms through which LC … influences volatility in 10 MENA countries from 2000 to 2019. Using a recently published panel cointegration estimating approach …, we show that LC does influence growth volatility over the long term and short term-in other words, LC, as a primary …