This paper examines the effects of a major change in German parental transfer system on fertility. I use the largely …-order fertility. Given the recent introduction, this paper evaluates short-run responses by using data from the German Microcensus …-run fertility responses are less pronounced and vary with potential earnings. The heterogeneity is in line with the structure of …

-term effects on U.S. fertility rates. I find that the introduction of family planning is associated with significant and persistent … reductions in fertility driven both by falling completed childbearing and childbearing delay. Although federally-funded family … planning accounted for a small portion of the post-baby boom U.S. fertility decline, the estimates imply that they reduced …

-term effects on U.S. fertility rates. I find that the introduction of family planning is associated with significant and persistent … reductions in fertility driven both by falling completed childbearing and childbearing delay. Although federally-funded family … planning accounted for a small portion of the post-baby boom U.S. fertility decline, the estimates imply that they reduced …