% points higher annual productivity growth, and a 3.6% points higher probability of exit for firms with binding employment …: distorted employment decisions, increased productivity, and higher exit rates. Our empirical analysis, using a novel dataset and … instrumental variable approach, confirms these findings. We estimate a 22% points higher annual employment growth rate, a 14 …

payment. Productivity and beliefs about relative performance, but hardly any personal characteristics, play a decisive role …

. Productivity signals designed to reduce statistical discrimination, including the offer of a positive reference from a previous …