The study examines the relationship between trade openness and carbon dioxide emissions in the cumulative risks context for China's economic development and the European Union. Hypotheses derived from a review of the literature substantiate the following key findings: (1) A reduction in CO2...

Conflicting interests among governments at all levels and coal enterprises are not conducive to the implementation of China's dual-carbon strategy in the coal industry. This study provides a theoretical analysis of the stabilization strategies of governments and coal enterprises by refining...

Accurate CO2 forecasting plays an important role in energy planning. However, in the annual forecasting studies on CO2 emissions, the seasonal effects cannot be predicted. To overcome this problem, this study proposed a novel prediction model based on the seasonally optimised fractional...