The G20 brings together leaders of the twenty systemically most important economies to discuss global issues in an informal setting. As a network it does not have the formal decision-making procedures and rules of procedure that characterize traditional international organizations, and its...

The GATS preamble already highlights the inevitable conflict between on the one hand achieving progressively higher levels of liberalization of trade in services in order to expand trade in services and promote growth, and on the other hand the right to introduce new regulation to meet national...

In recent years, there has been a surge in the conclusion of regional trade agreements (‘RTAs') by the European Union with trading partners across the world. These RTAs have gradually become more elaborate and substantive, thereby liberalising inter alia certain aspects of trade in services....

This authoritative Research Handbook presents, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of the most important research and latest trends in EU Energy Law and Policy. It offers high-quality original contributions that provide state-of-the-art research in this rapidly evolving area, situated...

An increasing number of fora and networks have been recognised to play a role in international or transnational normative processes. While lawmaking by formal, intergovernmental international organizations received abundant attention over the past years, we know less about a phenomenon that this...

In recent years, Central Asia has increasingly come under the focus of the European Union (EU). This development occurred not least due to a series of interruptions in the supply of Russian natural gas to the EU. The negative effects these supply cuts had on Gazprom's perceived reliability as a...

Energy relations between the European Union (EU) and Russia have come under increasing strain in recent years, not least due to a series of interruptions in the supply of natural gas to the EU. Tensions are further compounded by Russia's recent withdrawal from the Energy Charter Treaty and the...

In 2010, relations between the European Union (EU) and China reached their 35-year anniversary. Although initially centred primarily on economic cooperation, China's rapid industrialisation meant that over time this development placed increasing pressure on the environment. Keen to sustain this...

Traditional international law and its instruments are stagnating both in terms of quantity and quality. New, alternative forms of cross-border cooperation, in particular processes of informal international lawmaking, have emerged and gained prominence since the 2000s in response to an...

In this report, the inherent tension between regulatory autonomy and trade liberalisation is addressed with a focus on trade in services. Therefore, this report examines in detail what is meant by the term ‘(constraints on) regulatory autonomy' in trade law literature and develops five...