In 2011 the Euro faced its toughest challenge since its introduction as several of the participating Member States faced unprecedented financial problems. Greece was the most severe case requiring intervention from the EU and IMF to stabilize its economy and repay debt obligations. This article...

This article discusses the main economic contributions of Paul Krugman. Krugman developed the new trade theory, which analyses the determinants of international trade when trade takes place among oligopolistic firms, and the new economic geography, which studies where firms locate nationally and...

This account of turnpike theorems concentrates on the discrete time model, descended from the early von Neumann growth model and the Dosso model. It portrays the current state of the theory under the following five headings: (i) a turnpike in the von Neumann model, (ii) a turnpike in the Ramsey...

Roth is the major force in creating a vibrant field of matching theory and its application to market design. In doing so, he has discovered many properties of the stable matching problem (especially from the strategic viewpoint of game theory), studied real-life cases to test the relevance of...

Valuing health outcomes is a fundamental concern in health economics. This article considers a measure of health outcomes: the Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY). The QALY has been used extensively for two main reasons: (1) it arguably values health outcomes in a more acceptable metric than money...

Problematic personal debts and associated outcomes, such as bankruptcy and foreclosure, lead to significant declines in psychological health. This article summarises the recent literature and discusses the key issues in measurement and causality. Medical studies show that problem debts are...

The large differences in income per capita across countries are mostly explained by differences in total factor productivity (TFP). This article summarises the evidence on the importance of resource allocation across productive units in explaining the observed differences in TFP across countries.

Although the Russian economy performed poorly in the first seven years following the collapse of the USSR, the reforms of the 1990s laid the foundation for strong growth in 1998–2008. The early 2000s also saw successful reforms, such as the flat income tax and streamlined regulations....

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are a major source of individual patient level data (IPD) on the clinical outcomes, costs and other measures of health consequences associated with alternative healthcare interventions. These data are typically used to establish the ‘value for...

There is disagreement about whether large and complex financial institutions should be allowed to use US bankruptcy law to reorganise when they get into financial difficulty. We look at the events surrounding the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy filing for lessons as to whether bankruptcy law could be...