Improving access to capital through credit and public spendings is an important step toward development and poverty alleviation. At the same time, deforestation-related activities, like agricultural expansion, can be seen as relying on natural capital, through the depletion of forest resources...

In a framework, where child labor results from a risky choice between working and schooling, we study the reason why public education expenditures may fail to reduce child labor. We determine an optimal composition of social expenditures between education and health which minimizes child labor...

This paper uses a price leadership model of the international vanilla market to study the welfare consequences of alternative pricing policies for Madagascar, the leader in the vanilla market, that also controls domestic production through a single-channel marketing system. Econometric estimates...

Tariffs are a more transparent form of protection and frequently have a revenueraising function as well. But tariffs on finished products are usually higher than on intermediates and raw materials, and exemptions are common, causing effective protection to vary greatly across industries. One of...