­tives to work are changed.We apply games of status to grading exams. Our main conclusion is that if students care primarily …-quality students, creating small elites. When students are homogeneous, we characterize optimal absolute grading schemes in terms of …

incentives to work are changed. We first apply games of status to grading exams. Our main conclusion is that if students care … disparate, the optimal grading scheme is always coarse. Furthermore, it awards fewer A's than there are alpha-quality students …, creating small elites. When students are homogeneous, we characterize optimal grading schemes in terms of the stochastic …

first year of schooling and testing the hypothesis that this effect varied depending on students SES. To achieve our aims we … education had an effect on math achievement and its improvement. The effect of phonological ability was higher for students with …