<title>Abstract</title> <italic>Fair employment policies constrain employee selection: specifically, applicants’ professional experience can be a substitute for formal education. However, reflecting firm-specific job requirements, this substitution rule applies less strictly to applicants from outside the firm....</italic>

This article reconsiders the nature of the trends (i.e. deterministic or stochastic) of the Nelson-Plosser macroeconomic time series. For this purpose, the article employs two new tests that display robustness to structural breaks of unknown forms, irrespective of the date and/or location of the...