A new database on the barriers faced by foreign suppliers of services has been produced by the World Bank. Data for 103 countries are available on 11 of the most important services sectors in international trade. Based on these data and building on the methodology and publications supported by...

This paper attempts to provide a probable answer to a longstanding resource curse puzzle; i.e., why resource-rich nations grow at a slower rate compared to less fortunate ones. Using an innovative threshold estimation technique, the empirical results reveal that there is a threshold effect in the...

Steel is fundamental material for many industries that could produced by blast furnace (BF) and direct reduced Iron technology (DRI) .these two technologies differ from each other in term of difference of production cost, energy consumption, investment and environment issues. The purpose of this...

Turkey has experienced a significant increase in energy consumption and carbon emissions in recent decades. The country is a candidate for full membership to the European Union and likely to face significant pressures to decrease her emission of carbon dioxide. This paper examines the long run...

COVID-19 has raised questions about the resilience of agri-food trade to global shocks to the system. This paper analyses the changes in agri-food trade (values, extensive and intensive margin, and diversification) during the pandemic at global and regional levels. It also considers parallels in...