contains 1,547 sanction cases, including the new ones against Russia. The GSDB-R4 comes in two versions, a case-specific and a … combine it with trade data until 2023, and we investigate the effects of the recent sanctions on Russia's trade within an … econometric gravity model. We find that, on average, the effects on trade between Russia and the sanctioning countries are …

Western governments adopted extensive financial sanctions against Russia at the very beginning of Russia's invasion of … Ukraine, with the freezing of Russia's foreign currency reserves being particularly prominent. While these sanctions initially … had a major impact and the ruble's exchange rate crashed, Russia developed successful counterstrategies that eventually …