We apply the Kakwani approach to decomposing redistributive effect into average rate, progressivity, and reranking … effects of direct and indirect taxes are mostly associated with changes in progressivity. For in-kind benefits, changes in the … average benefit rate and progressivity each played the major roles at different times. …

Is the Spanish economy positioned at its optimal progressivity level in personal income tax? This article quantifies … progressivity would be optimal, even though it would involve an efficiency loss. The optimal reform of the tax schedule would reduce … wealth and income inequality at the cost of negative effects on capital, labor, and output. Finally, these theoretical …

are caused by ex-ante differences in life expectancy. However, these pension reforms may themselves induce redistribution …

are caused by ex-ante differences in lifeexpectancy. However, these pension reforms may themselves induce redistribution …