capital movements within the European Union (EU) in 1990, and the establishment of the single market for financial services … provision of financial services. Its implementation started in 1993 with the application of the second banking directive.1 In …

This chapter asks why and how services that are not previously thought of as tradable have increasingly been opened up … argues that lobbying by producers or users of services cannot fully explain reform nor does EU membership simply constrain … particular, the ability of the government to re-interpret services as regular tradable products combined with new regulation to …

of barriers to cross-border trade and investment particularly in services and the slow development of an Internal Market …

lucrative returns on capital, and by the growth in the supply of capital by institutional and other non-bank investors. This …

European market participants in a fiercely competitive regulatory environment revolutionized their trading services and …

of an Article 36 equivalent for financial services. The result is a European regime with a high degree of internal …