dissemination and R&D is generally associated with higher suppliers' productivity. However, the governance of the value chain … appears to affect the productivity of domestic value chains' suppliers to a greater extent than for firms supplying MNCs or …

types of upgrading. Process, product and functional upgrading extend their room of manoeuvre, allowing them to map out more … independently their local strategies for business development and plant organization. In addition, upgrading provides impulses for …

-oriented apparel industry and economic and social upgrading dynamics in particular in the context of the AGOA loss. It identifies four … embeddedness', with important implications for both economic upgrading dynamics and possibilities and the sustainability of the … still a more successful apparel producer in terms of economic upgrading than the other main apparel-exporting LICs in SSA …

-oriented apparel industry and economic and social upgrading dynamics in particular in the context of the AGOA loss. It identifies four … embeddedness', with important implications for both economic upgrading dynamics and possibilities and the sustainability of the … still a more successful apparel producer in terms of economic upgrading than the other main apparel-exporting LICs in SSA …

-oriented apparel industry and economic and social upgrading dynamics in particular in the context of the AGOA loss. It identifies four … embeddedness', with important implications for both economic upgrading dynamics and possibilities and the sustainability of the … still a more successful apparel producer in terms of economic upgrading than the other main apparel-exporting LICs in SSA …

This paper assesses the implications for upgrading of integration into two distinct clothing value chains in Lesotho …' demands, and investors' motivations. These different characteristics have crucial impacts on upgrading possibilities …, including functional, process and 'local' upgrading. Thus, from the perspective of upgrading and sustainability, ownership …