We develop a positive theory of pricing car access (by parking fees or cordon tolls) to downtown commercial districts … lobbying contribution schedules than superstores, which induces the government to underprice central roads and parking spaces … higher or lower parking fees, depending on their relative concern for the vitality of the central district. As a consequence …

In many downtown areas, privately operated parking garages compete with each other and with publicly operated curbside … parking. Garages exercise market power by charging fees that vary with parking duration. Curbside space is scarce, and drivers … inelastic parking demand setting differentiated hourly curbside parking fees can support the social optimum without regulating …

For many years, Donald Shoup has been advocating cashing out free and underpriced curbside parking. How should this be … implemented in practice, taking into account the stochasticity of curbside parking vacancies? Shoup has proposed setting … neighborhood/period of the day-specific meter rates such that a common target (average) curbside parking occupancy rate is achieved …

Paid parking is the recommended policy tool by economists to deal with excess demand for street parking. However, we … residents have political power and usually vote against paid parking when it is detrimental to residents. Hence, in our analysis …, we take into account that residents receive residential parking permits which provides political support for paid parking …

We examine the effect of citywide parking policy on parking and traffic demand. Using a large increase in on …-street parking prices for the city of Amsterdam, we show that the policy caused a substantial drop in on-street parking demand, which … is not offset by an increase in off-street demand. The overall reduction in parking demand implies a 2% - 3% reduction in …