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, mothers earn 17.6% less than non-mothers. Because not all women participate in the labor market, sample selection is a … significant wage gap of 9.4% between mothers and non-mothers. This motherhood wage penalty is higher when children are between 0 … and 5 years of age, 18.4%. The gap is partly explained by mothers being more likely to be employed in jobs in the informal …
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Motherhood is usually associated with lower wages due to a number of reasons such as career interruptions, potentially decreased productivity/effort, and discrimination. Earlier literature provides a range of estimates from an up to 20% wage penalty in economies with more flexible labor markets...
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