In this paper, we use twin birth as an instrument to estimate the effects of fertility on female labor force participation using 70 censuses from 36 countries in 1990–2010. We document a strong relationship between the gender wage gap and the size of the motherhood penalty. The penalty is...

I investigate how women's participation in innovative and regular entrepreneurship responds to a shock to maternity risk. Exploiting the liberalization of an Emergency Contraception Pill in Italy in 2015, combined with spatial variation in access to abortion at the municipality level, I find...

Women in Britain who work part-time have, on average, hourly earnings about 25% less than that of women working full-time. This gap has widened greatly over the past 30 years. This paper tries to explain this part-time pay penalty. It shows that a sizeable part of the penalty can be explained by...

The within-firm gender wage gap plays an important role in understanding the overall gender gap in the labor market. This paper describes how parenthood is associated with the within-firm gender gap using a unique personnel dataset from a large Chinese company. We find that the wage gap is small...

Part-time work among British women is extensive, and the (raw) pay penalty large. Since part-time work features most prominently when women are in their 30s, the peak childcare years and a crucial period for career building, its impact on subsequent earnings trajectories is important from a...

We explore several problems in drawing causal inferences from cross-sectional relationships between marriage, motherhood, and wages. We find that heterogeneity leads to biased estimates of the quot;directquot; effects of marriage and motherhood on wages (i.e., effects net of experience and...

This paper presents a model where economic growth, via growth in female wages relative to male wages, encourages households to raise paid female labor supply and have more children by substituting child care for maternal time. A threshold logarithm per capita output, above which fertility...

En América Latina las brechas laborales de género se han reducido fuertemente en las últimas décadas y Uruguay se posiciona como uno de los países de la región con mayor participación laboral femenina. No obstante, la brecha salarial de género continúa en niveles elevados, siendo 76% la...