by large private and public companies, it is expected that smallholders will outnumber large estates in the near future …. For policy formulation it is hence important to better understand who these smallholders are and why they have started to … production areas for oil palm, to analyse smallholders' decision making by combining qualitative, quantitative, and experimental …

has shown that smallholder farmers can benefit from supplying supermarkets in terms of higher productivity and income …