A presumption is usually defined as using a known fact to infer another fact. However, presumptions could be defined more broadly, as including several types of logical leaps, shortcuts, automatisms, burden-shifting mechanisms and predispositions. Using more than 30 such "presumptions" as...

EU Competition Law has various evidentiary rules and presumptions relating to the existence of collusive activity. We consider the effect of these rules and presumptions on economic efficiency, and highlight two forms of inefficiency associated with existing adjectival law. Firstly, both under...

Undertakings may restrict competition by cooperating with their competitors or by interfering with their ability to compete. In both cases, their ultimate goal is to raise the price they charge for their products or services. Therefore, the main concern about both collusive and exclusionary...

Buyer power in input markets, and in particular labour markets, have received the attention of the press, antitrust authorities and scholars in the recent past. Anticompetitive behaviour by global technology giants is an ongoing concern. A combination of the two raises serious issues. This paper...

The present study involves an analysis of the two main normative approaches and intellectual traditions in Competition Law: the consequentialist and the deontological. The aim is to evaluate their merit or demerit in the application of positive law. Especially, it is examined whether the...