The Bosman ruling and its aftermath allowed soccer players to move more freely between clubs in Europe. This study examines the performance of national and club teams in Europe before and after Bosman. Some national teams improved after the ruling while others became weaker, but the overall...

The Bosman ruling created quot;free agencyquot; in professional soccer within the European Union (EU) by allowing players to move more easily between clubs and ending restrictions on the number of foreign players from EU nations a team could roster. It has been argued that this hurt various...