Numerous studies have shown that lung cancer rates are higher in urban than rural areas, controlling for differences in age and sex profiles. One explanation is that smoking rates are higher in urban areas, although it is not clear whether the variations in smoking behaviour fully account for...

Population migration is a major determinant of an area's age-sex structure and socio-economic characteristics. The suggestion that migration can contribute to an increase or decrease in place-specific rates of illness is not new. However, differences in health status between small geographical...