) relationship between the standard deviation (coefficient of variation) and the average in bank lending-rate markups. In a …. Normatively, under a given inflation target, welfare gains arise if a central bank can use additional liquidity-provision (or tax …

conventional and Islamic banks operate alongside each other. It also investigates the impact of bank competition on lending … does not depend on bank competition. In other words, the effectiveness of the lending transmission channel does not depend …This paper examines the effectiveness of the bank lending channel in a dual banking system in Malaysia, where both …