Market liquidity is complex to measure empirically. This explains why there is no consensus about performance ratios adjusted to its risk. We summarize market liquidity by two major characteristics: a costly one because of the loss of illiquidity premium; and a profitable one when investors can...

Hopes were high some years ago that hedge fund replication products would be for hedge fund investments something akin to what index funds have been to equity investments. Hedge fund replication products were to provide a low-cost, liquid exposure to hedge fund returns. Around one year ago,...

This paper studies the “confidential holdings” of institutional investors, especially hedge funds, where the quarter-end equity holdings are disclosed with a delay through amendments to the Form 13F and are usually excluded from the standard databases. Funds managing large risky portfolios...

The hedge funds industry has evolved tremendously in recent years. According to the CASAM CISDM Industry Report, assets under management in hedge funds had grown from less than USD 50 billion at the end of 1990 to over USD 2.1 trillion at the end of 2007. However, assets managed by hedge funds...

Performance related compensation (skewed toward the attainment of predefined target rates) is a critical incentive attracting and retaining talent by the hedge fund industry. The hedge fund community is still recovering from the recent global and regional crises that have put hedge fund...

An abundance of evidence relates facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) to masculine behaviors in males. We show that hedge funds operated by high-fWHR managers underperform those operated by low-fWHR managers, bear greater downside risk, are more susceptible to fire sales, and fail more often....